It is impossible to formulate a universal recipe for the improvement of Africa's electricity regulatory framework. Analysing the specific national electricity market regulations and proposing evidence-based reforms is, however, well within reach.

Roberto

<p><strong>Energy and development are intimately connected, </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">and the majority of the African governments have well comprehended it, stepping up their game to ensure access to electricity by allocating </span><strong>public finances </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">for the development of electricity infrastructure.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nonetheless, despite the progress made, many African countries see their energy efforts hampered (or even blocked): insufficient public finance cannot adequately support the development of energy infrastructures, as a rising debt-to-GDP ratio, a tax-to-GDP ratio of about 13%, and the effects of COVID 19 and resultant shocks </span><strong>narrowed the scope for public spending on infrastructure</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The outcome is an average deprivation of electricity access, suffered by about 42% of the African population according to </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">IEA</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, with Morocco and Sudan dwelling, respectively, at the two ends of the spectrum (100% and 7%).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is hence clear that the much-needed financial resources must come from somewhere else, namely the </span><strong>international private sector</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">: so far, its contribution to Africa's energy investments averages about 24% of total infrastructure commitments and 26% for energy projects, a percentage still too little to bring about a truly transformational change.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">African electricity regulatory frameworks, however, often lack </span><strong>clarity, stability, and transparency</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, driving away international investors&rsquo; capital.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The situation is far from homogeneous, as depicted by the dedicated </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regulatory Reviews of</span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Electricity Markets </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">developed by RES4Africa and UNECA. Some markets, such as the </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">South African</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">one, were able to </span><strong>effectively attract substantial private capital</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, expanding the national electricity access to about 94% of its population, with 64 renewable energy independent power producers (IPPs) currently present in the market. These positive outcomes have been obtained without significant changes: Eskom, South Africa's vertically integrated national utility, remains the </span><strong>leading player in the power delivery business, </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">providing 40% of electricity distribution to end customers. South Africa has successfully drawn private investments to assist the increase of its generation capacity, but market liberalisation has made little progress.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since 2019, however, South Africa is confronting an endemic electrical problem: as a result, there is a significant decrease in national economic production, causing the country to enter a recession. This has highlighted the critical need of having a </span><strong>competitive energy business </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">to fuel economic growth and social development.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><strong>unbundling of Eskom </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">is the first step in reforming the market structure of the electricity sector. Additionally, South Africa may reap further benefits by enacting further policy and regulatory reforms to promote the crowding-in of private investment across the full sector value chain.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another meaningful example is </span><strong>Rwanda</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which experienced a </span><strong>deeper transformation of its generation, transmission, and distribution segments</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, reaching 227 MW capacity in 2020 from more than 40 generating plants. Yet</span><strong>, major regulatory impediments still persist</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">, such as the impossibility of following B2B investment models, not permissible under current regulation. Designing bankable contracts for off-takers, along with clear and straightforward financial support mechanisms (grants, concessional loans to tax credits), and allowing PPAs represent the way to go to further improve Rwanda's electricity market.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These and other key findings were discussed in Addis Ababa, on the occasion of the event </span><strong><em>High-Level Public-Private Dialogue on Private Sector Investment in Electricity and Infrastructure Development in Africa. </em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">During the debates, the panelists pointed at the way forward, embodied by the need to develop a </span><strong>multifaceted and participatory approach </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">to regulatory reform agendas. Transparency, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">predictability, and competitiveness should be prioritized in policy improvements, while also ensuring</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">that public interest and social welfare are protected. This may be accomplished by </span><strong>establishing clear norms and procedures, encouraging competition, and removing bureaucratic impediments</strong>.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In conclusion, we acknowledge the impossibility of formulating a universal recipe for the improvement of Africa's electricity regulatory framework. </span><strong>Analysing the specific national electricity market </strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong>regulations </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">and proposing evidence-based reforms is, however, well within our reach: renewing this</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">effort and making its results available for Africa's policymakers, private actors and civil society is the</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">way to go to guarantee energy, development, and welfare to a continent whose potential has no equals</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">in the world.</span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"><span data-slate-fragment="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">illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.</span></span></em></p>

A gap to be filled: developing Africa’s electricity infrastructure through conducive regulatory frameworks 

Circularity principles and renewable energy not only can help to overcome the wasteful practices associated with this transformation, but also create new entrepreneurial opportunities.

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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';" data-slate-node="text">As the conversation on climate change continues to gain traction, circular economy is becoming more and more popular. Our current production and consumption model is linear, meaning we extract resources from the Earth, use them to make products or services, and then throw them away.</span></div>
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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';" data-slate-node="text">Circular economy seeks to disrupt the take-make-dispose system by preventing waste from being made in the first place, and ensuring that elements that would otherwise be disposed of are recycled or reused in production, utilisation and disposal.</span></div>
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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';" data-slate-node="text">The connection between renewables and the circular economy is visible at the beginning of the energy value chain, including the extraction of resources. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), a zero carbon future by 2040 will lead to a 20-40 times bigger demand for essential materials like cobalt, and lithium. Mining these materials is labour and resource-intensive, and has an undeniable environmental impact. Circular economy principles, such as recycling and reusing, would make it possible to recover 60 million tonnes of the mentioned materials, and make the deployment of renewable energy infrastructures more effective and less damaging. However, the contribution of circular economy doesn't stop here: as a matter of fact, it can also be an accelerator for other crucial processes: It can create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and drive innovation, while also helping to ensure energy security, reducing dependence on importations, and providing a more equitable distribution of resources.</span></div>
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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';" data-slate-node="text">Circularity principles and renewable energy not only can help to overcome the wasteful practices associated with this transformation, but also create new entrepreneurial opportunities. In alliance, they can boost African local development: solar panels can be utilized to protect certain plants from the sunrays, used car batteries can be reconfigured to act as stationary energy storage to bolster local networks, and responsibly managed e-waste collection can equip the renewable energy market with low-cost supplies, simultaneously creating job openings and limiting public health risks. At the forefront of this new approach are some African countries(Rwanda, Ethiopia, Senegal), which inaugurated conspicuous investment plans in circular economy, but also new cross-country programmes such as Switch Africa Green, promoted by Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, Mauritius and Burkina Faso.</span></div>
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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';" data-slate-node="text">The time to act is now: Africa is on the brink of a monumental energy transition, which can only benefit from circular economy models, and vice versa: their interlinkages appear clearer by the day and they must be stimulated with appropriate measures: tax exemptions, national regulations, public/private partnerships, etc. These efforts will contribute to achieving full sustainability, while minimising environmental impact and generating numerous positive externalities, creating a brighter and more sustainable future for the continent.</span></div>
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<div class="DraggableBlockWrappper-sc-1f1plam TBiev"><span style="font-family: 'Latin Modern';"><em><span class="Decorator_root_1gA9b Decorator_em_1lccW">illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.</span></em></span></div>
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Roberto Vigotti

Roberto Vigotti

A gap to be filled: developing Africa’s electricity infrastructure through conducive regulatory frameworks

Harnessing the Power of the Circular Economy for Africa's Energy Transition

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