A reevaluation of energy practices and investments is imperative for transitioning towards cleaner, more efficient energy solutions, with LNG serving as a focal point in this global discourse

Diego

<h2>Understanding LNG and energy availability</h2>
It's common to hear discussions about energy by those without firsthand knowledge of the subject, especially regarding Liquified Natural Gas (LNG). The primary concern is whether there's sufficient availability to export LNG from gas-producing regions worldwide. At the moment, the availability is resoundingly insufficient.
To grasp the availability of LNG, understanding terminal development and regasification is crucial, as is knowing the time investment required for these processes. Prospective investors often wonder about the return on investment timelines. Profitability in this sector is directly tied to the legal frameworks of the resource-rich nations and the legislations governing LNG trade, which primarily exist in developed countries.
<h2>Economic capitalization and return risks</h2>
Various industry reports underscore the tremendous potential of LNG, projecting its viability for the next five years. However, they clarify that the profitability of LNG is likely to decline after 10 to 20 years, making it a risky venture for investors. This forecast impacts investment influx, especially in countries like Argentina that possess the capacity but lack the necessary infrastructure.
Investment in an LNG terminal can range from 3,000 to 10,000 million dollars, with construction timelines spanning 24 to 60 uninterrupted and continuous months.
<h2>Global demand and terminal capacities</h2>
There are 83 operational terminals spread across 23 countries, boasting a total capacity of 572 million tons of weight, equivalent to 1,276 million cubic meters of LNG. Between January and September, European countries experienced a surge in LNG demand. However, this heightened demand from Europe results in price escalations and diminished availability, affecting importing nations adversely.
Currently, around 600 methane tankers are in operation, with sizes ranging up to 266,000 m3. The compression of LNG is 600 times at -192&deg; Celsius, allowing for efficient transportation. After transport, regasification restores its consumable state, i.e., natural gas. However, the availability of these ships and regasification units is constrained, impacting global LNG accessibility.
There are 23 operational regasification plants in Europe, with six situated in Spain. The total annual consumption of the European Community is 490 billion m3, highlighting the inefficiencies and environmental impacts of replacing gas with LNG through the regasification process.
<h2>Analysis: the future of LNG energy</h2>
A decline in LNG energy utilization is anticipated post-2030 due to a transition to cleaner energy sources. Given the investment and financing timelines, the return variable could range from 2 to 5 years in the most optimistic scenarios, suggesting non-viability in the long run.
Promises from the United States to offset Europe's dependence on Russia by sending LNG reserves seem questionable, considering LNG is classified as fossil energy and was removed from the list of renewables.
Often, discussions about LNG overlook the crucial role of logistics, which significantly influences market values. The relocation of empty ships and the regasification processes can potentially increase LNG prices between 16% and 19%.
Shell's profit generation is triple its annual projections, benefitting a select group of VIP shareholders through dividend liquidation. This scenario elucidates the disproportionate distribution of war benefits.
<h2>Reflection: investment in energy transition</h2>
Would compensating losses due to rising international inflation or investing in energy transition be better solutions? Investments in cleaner practices and technologies could revitalize the economies of countries not rich in energy, increasing their GDP, enabling companies to consume clean energy, and reducing pollutant emissions.
While logical and sustainable solutions are available, the world continues to bear the brunt of unsustainable consumer ambitions. A reevaluation of energy practices and investments is imperative for transitioning towards cleaner, more efficient energy solutions, with LNG serving as a focal point in this crucial global discourse.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Maritime: LNG as a solution or an anchor?

Climate solutions, once a peripheral concern in finance, are now emerging as reliable and profitable ventures, catalyzing a much-needed shift toward planetary restoration

<h2>Unraveling green finance: the intrinsic connection to climate solutions </h2>
Climate solutions, once a peripheral concern in finance, are now emerging as reliable and profitable ventures, catalyzing a much-needed shift toward planetary restoration. The advent of the circular economy is pivotal, driving sustainable processes to curtail production costs, eradicate fines, and optimize general consumption, thereby yielding economic gains.
The devastating impacts of the climate crisis are globally discernible, with cities from Madrid to Manila experiencing the brunt. However, successive international forums appear entangled in perpetual discussions, failing to formulate and implement concrete solutions. The urgency for tangible resolutions resonates louder amidst the recurring consequences.
<h2>Analyzing fossil finance: assessing long-term viability </h2>
Within European commercial banks, projections suggest a substantial delay, potentially a decade, before the ramifications of global warming perceptibly influence financial strategies and loan allocations. The delayed response in adapting to climate realities hints at an overarching reliance on high-carbon industries and the imminent financial implications thereof.
Standard Chartered&rsquo;s analysis reveals an impending period where losses from high-carbon loans might become financially significant. The assessments consider various climate scenarios and their probable financial impacts, underlining a transitional phase wherein climate risks become pivotal in shaping the bank&rsquo;s lending decisions, especially from 2030 to 2035.
Scrutinizing carbon-intensive sectors, Standard Chartered&rsquo;s report disclosed potential credit losses, totaling $603 million from high-carbon sectors, signaling a larger financial revelation. The sectors, including oil and gas and coal mining, are witnessing financial viability in the short term, but the growing shift away from fossil fuels and the encompassing legislations hint at diminishing revenues and repayment capacities.
<h2>Gaining time: assessing the transition to net zero </h2>
The transition requires substantial alterations in business models and notable investments, impacting profitability and increasing credit risk. Banks like HSBC are expanding into the growing ESG debt market, exploring how different weather pathways can influence credit losses and adapting their strategies accordingly.
Innovative solutions are pivotal in minimizing emissions and maximizing sustainability, fostering healthy habits, and driving responsible consumption and resource management.
The journey towards sustainable development is extensive, demanding collective learning and relentless pursuit of solutions. The integration of finances into sustainable projects is crucial, acting as the driving force for the transition, yielding economic benefits, and ensuring genuine care for the planet.
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Green finance: navigating risks and embracing sustainability

The repercussions of climate change extend beyond evident environmental shifts. The planet is nearing its breaking point

Spain is experiencing its most intense summer heat wave on record. In some areas, ground temperatures have reached a staggering 60&deg;C, as shown by satellite recordings during this alarming European heatwave. Remarkably, some heat maps that used red to indicate high temperatures had to shift to black to represent these unprecedented levels.
<h2>Breaking records</h2>
Temperatures have shattered previous highs across the continent. France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy have all recorded peaks of around 40&deg;C. In Sicily and Sardinia, temperatures were predicted to soar up to 48&deg;C. Numerous reports indicate that not only the elderly but also middle-aged workers have suffered from these extreme conditions. Some even lost consciousness due to the oppressive heat.
<h2>The heat wave's origins</h2>
This heatwave, ominously named "Cerberus" after the underworld beast from Dante's Inferno, is caused by an area of high pressure sweeping across the country. Satellite data reveals that in areas of Extremadura in Spain, ground temperatures have exceeded 60&deg;C. Thirteen autonomous communities have received various risk alerts, from extreme to moderate, with some locales registering temperatures as high as 43&deg;C. These land temperatures, captured by the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument on the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites, measure the ground's heat and should not be confused with air temperatures.
Copernicus, an Earth observation component of the European Union's space program, notes that the heat's intensity may soon decline in the Mediterranean, but such extreme temperatures could become a regular occurrence in upcoming seasons.
<h2>Facing the reality of climate change</h2>
Such intensifying heatwaves underscore the increasingly tangible impacts of global warming. Global warming is not a challenge we can afford to postpone in favor of other pressing issues. The severe heat waves, unexpected weather patterns in opposite seasons, and other catastrophic events remind us of the dire need to confront and address the issue. These climatic aberrations result in fatalities, natural disasters, drought-induced famines, and rapid depletion of already dwindling resources.
Three days before COP26, some startling data came to light, revealing statistics even more daunting than anticipated. The numbers were so unsettling that many were visibly shaken. The measures proposed by the IMF to stimulate the adoption of tools and ensure compliance with emission norms seemed apt. The urgency of the situation was further underscored by the UN's stark message: the catastrophic consequences of our inaction.
<h2>A turning point</h2>
Ahead of the G20 Rome 2021, I crafted an article for Kristalina Georgieva, which she subsequently used in her COP26 Glasgow speech. This piece was inspired by a friend's Halloween attire, leading me to coin the phrase "sweet and treat." The "treat" represents the responsibility that countries and organizations must embrace, while the "sweet" symbolizes the benefits and rewards that can be reaped from responsible actions. Investing in sustainable sectors can yield both economic and environmental benefits.
Kristalina's speech proved to be a catalyst. Its simplicity and realism spurred investors to take action and encouraged nations to seek solutions. The IMF, recognizing the dual challenges of climate change and post-COVID recovery, implemented the SDGs with a universally accepted stimulus package. This collective effort laid the foundation for countries to set and pursue environmental standards.
<h2>Challenges ahead</h2>
However, the absence of standardized criteria has led to laxity in the implementation of environmental standards. While some have genuinely tried to make a difference, others have indulged in greenwashing, launching questionable projects that primarily boost their financial gains. A unified, straightforward, and easily applicable charter is the need of the hour.
The repercussions of climate change extend beyond evident environmental shifts. Global warming triggers a cascade of disasters, from wildfires in Hawaii and heat-related deaths in Europe to droughts affecting the Panama Canal. Ocean temperatures are on the rise, causing aquatic life to dwindle. The planet is nearing its breaking point.
Climate change will soon lead to another crisis: forced migrations on a massive scale. As natural disasters intensify, many regions will become uninhabitable, leading to large-scale migrations. Governments will struggle to assist affected regions and accommodate refugees. Such migrations will strain budgets, slow economies, and trigger inflation. The only viable solution is proactive measures to combat climate change, emphasizing renewable energy and efficient resource management.
<h2>In conclusion</h2>
Dealing with these challenges requires a collaborative approach. Funds must be allocated to adapt and restructure cities to accommodate climate refugees. Moreover, efforts should be focused on providing these displaced individuals with dignified living conditions. Numerous organizations, like illuminem.com and eutec.org, have been at the forefront, raising awareness about climate change's repercussions and offering tangible solutions. The global community must tap into this vast reservoir of knowledge and work hand in hand to navigate these trying times.
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illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.
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Climate change (III/III): deadly heat waves devour the planet

Let's bet on the well-being of our shared home, Earth, and work toward a ‘sweet deal’

In 2023, we witnessed the emergence of solutions to the climate crisis and their implementation at an unprecedented pace. At the same time, the occurrence of extreme weather events multiplied, firmly establishing climate change as a central theme on the global agenda demanding urgent attention.
<h2>Arrival in Delhi</h2>
It's truly remarkable what we, as a united society from diverse places and sectors, have achieved in our quest for multiple solutions. We have successfully rallied the world to confront the illness we have all unwittingly contributed to - the ailment of our planet. In this journey, numerous specialized media outlets, have become the intellectual fuel of our daily lives.
Today, as we find ourselves in India, we are armed with a wealth of information to guide our decisions. Among the guiding principles, one stands out: "Simple solutions always work." This motto drives actions on two critical fronts:
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Direct climate investments: We are taking tangible steps to offset the emissions of the current year.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Comprehensive efficiency: Hand in hand with the adoption of efficient habits, we are actively reducing emissions.</li>
</ol>
<h2>The path traveled</h2>
From a past marked by climate denialism, we have come full circle, with the climate issue now at the forefront of global decision-making. Yet, there's still a long road ahead. To continue this progress, we must replicate successful practices across the globe. The territorial expansion of agreements forged at events like this, which involve crucial measures set by the UN and participating governments, will drive the change we need. This change aims to slow global warming and avert the disasters and catastrophes it brings.
<h2>Caring for the planet yields economic profits</h2>
I echo the sentiments expressed prior to COP26 in Glasgow, which took place on Halloween, aptly described as 'trick or treat.' I propose an amendment: &lsquo;sweet and treat&rsquo;, where profits signify sweet and a deal signifies the fulfillment of a commitment.
This dialogue we're engaging in here in India revolves around the understanding that investments are pivotal in magnifying our collective efforts as global citizens. These investments propel us on the path to reduced pollution and global warming. In this endeavor, everyone seeks rewards without taking undue risks. The environment offers us assurance, saying, "Invest in me, and you will continue to inhabit me; invest in my care, and your money will remain secure."
Global emissions, a responsibility we all share to varying degrees, necessitate collective action to find a solution. Each of us plays a vital role in fulfilling this commitment.
<h2>Synthesis</h2>
The economy is inextricably linked to these events; it's a lifeline for our journey towards recovery. The economy is akin to the circular nature of life - everything revolves, everything gets recycled, and this should hold true for our economic endeavors as well. Thus, many sectors can savor the "sweet" of quick profits, even those not directly involved in environmental stewardship. However, it's not sufficient to have a "deal" alone; we must also find the "sweet" in direct investments in renewable energies to bolster our clean foundation and in practices that safeguard our resources from pollution.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
I propose a twofold strategy: Let us educate ourselves on how to care for the planet, striking a real "deal" for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Simultaneously, let's learn to "earn the candy" - money - by investing in sectors generating profits and embracing real-time environmental transparency. Let's bet on the well-being of our shared home, Earth, and work toward a &lsquo;sweet deal&rsquo;.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

A year of climate awakening: pursuing a 'sweet deal' for our planet

Recklessness has triggered a situation from which there may be no return—an ominous legacy echoing in the words, "A bomb has been activated in the sea"

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, ravaged by a devastating tsunami, has initiated the release of its first batch of treated radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean. This contentious decision is expected to extend over decades.
<h2>The unfurling crisis</h2>
This move, sparking substantial controversy, is currently underway. Various groups of Japanese workers, most notably local fishermen, have steadfastly opposed this plan, voicing concerns about the potential damage to their seafood's reputation. Meanwhile, groups in China and South Korea have raised diplomatic and political concerns.
However, both the Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) maintain that releasing the water is necessary to create space for the decommissioning of the plant and to avert accidental leaks. Mariano Grossi, the head of the IAEA, asserts that "treatment and dilution will render the wastewater safer than international standards, with a negligible environmental impact." Yet, he followed this assertion with a stark caveat, acknowledging the arduousness of this undertaking and the lack of guaranteed security. This admission provides a glimpse into the extent of risk the agency, led by Argentina's Grossi, is willing to shoulder. What remains unclear is the precipitous speed at which this complex administrative and technical decision was reached&mdash;a decision that carries immense financial commitments alongside potentially irremediable risks.
<h2>Global community's concern</h2>
The international community has sounded alarms regarding the long-term repercussions of low-dose radioactivity lingering in the water. This release begins more than a decade after the nuclear meltdowns in March 2011, precipitated by a catastrophic earthquake and tsunami.
The ever-expanding reservoir of radioactive water faces the daunting task of removing fatally toxic molten waste from the reactors. The initial batch of treated water undergoes dilution in a mixing pool before being transferred to a secondary pool. From there, it is discharged into the ocean via an underwater tunnel.
<h2>A tide of risks</h2>
The collected water is partially recycled as cooling water post-treatment, with the remainder stored in approximately 1,000 tanks that are already 98% full, nearing their 1.37 million-tonne capacity. To facilitate the decommissioning process, these tanks, which occupy a substantial portion of the plant complex, must be emptied.
In light of the risks and potential mishaps associated with this intricate process, agencies must be vigilant and implement initial contingency measures to mitigate any leaks or unforeseen consequences. Accidents in such operations are an inherent risk, sparking a pressing need for public discourse. Citizens must have a say in the level of risk they are willing to accept with their lives, potentially necessitating an international vote under the auspices of UN bodies during events such as the September G20 or COP28.
<h2>Closing thoughts</h2>
Experts and lobbyists have suggested that this decision may primarily be financially motivated. It is evident that the IAEA's action to release radioactive wastewater lacks clear objectives, seemingly driven by the prospect of substantial financial disbursements for a process shrouded in official secrecy. However, one thing is abundantly clear: recklessness or ambition has triggered a situation from which there may be no return&mdash;an ominous legacy echoing in the words, "A bomb has been activated in the sea."
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illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.
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Fukushima releases radioactive waters into the sea

We are losing this war against ourselves to curb our emissions

This is part two of a two-part series on the effects of climate change. You can find part one <a href="https://illuminem.com/illuminemvoices/climate-change-deadline-to-global-warming-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.
On October 27, 2021, I arrived in Rome with the threat of climate change looming at the top of the agenda (it only took 12 participations in G20 and 9 consecutive COPs).
But it set the precedent for the fatigue of people, institutions and governments most unprotected by climate change. In the days leading up to COP, we gained access to data collected by the UN, in a huge effort to declassify information, and it was there that everything turned dark.
The results of the multidisciplinary analysis yielded alarming figures &mdash; extremely alarming.&nbsp;
I remember experts crying as they saw the figures on the screen, figures that reflected the nearly out-of-control acceleration of global warming. I saw people who were dismayed and crying inconsolably, who had come with the intention of solving something that was beyond all of us.
If humanity continued in the same fashion, the predicted records of the 2035 averages are going to be doubled, or more, by that date.
We are losing this war against ourselves to curb our emissions.
<h2>Turning point in history</h2>
From that moment on, nothing was the same for the people present and a new era began: the era of solutions.
By 2022, a year characterized by the end of COVID, positive climate action was rising but the need for consumption was also sweeping in. After COVID, the population wanted to go out due to the extended period of confinement. This made it very difficult to define climate goals, for which something was still missing &mdash; acceptance!
<h2>Accepting change</h2>
2022 was also a year of coming clean about humanity&rsquo;s accumulated mistakes, to be able to analyze solutions. For this, measures and clean processes were applied, discarding solutions that are polluting. Positive media and voices for solutions at scale were elevated.
The collaborative revolution of media like LinkedIn, illuminem, and the Clean Energy Revolution made it possible to hear from experts showcasing their research and results. This gave us the possibility to co-create solutions.
<h2>The present shows us</h2>
Summers in the Northern Hemisphere have become scorching hot. Extreme temperatures have persisted for several consecutive days in Europe, the United States and Asia without respite, showing us one of the harshest faces of climate change.
In the past season, high temperatures caused more than 60,000 deaths in Europe alone.
The prognosis cannot be good if summer is just beginning this year and the heat wave is already hitting harshly, causing several countries to exceed 38 degrees. Worse still, we are only in the early stages of this heat wave.&nbsp;
In North Africa, the temperatures have been even worse. It is very likely that in these days historic maximums will be exceeded: the European record of 48.8&ordm;C reached in Sicily in August 2021 and the world record of 56.7&ordm;C in Death Valley, California, in July 1913.
<h2>Consequences of El Ni&ntilde;o</h2>
The recently declared El Ni&ntilde;o phenomenon will only amplify the incidence and intensity of extreme heat waves. For example, Rome recorded a record maximum temperature for the city of 41.8 degrees Celsius. This mark is one degree Celsius more than the previous highest temperature, set last year in June.
At the same time, throughout Italy, 16 cities are on red alert, with highs of up to 36 and 37&ordm;C. In this context, the Minister of Health stated that the extreme heat throughout Italy is the main cause of the 20% increase in the number of patients going to hospital emergency rooms.
In France, nine southern areas recorded new maximum temperatures, according to the French meteorological agency M&eacute;t&eacute;o France.&nbsp;
In Spain, Aemet issued orange warnings for high temperatures (38 to 42&ordm; C) in large areas of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands on Monday, in addition to a red warning (extreme danger) in areas of Andalusia and on Tuesday in Aragon, Catalonia and Majorca (42 to 44&ordm; C).
Fires are also part of the order of the day. Just to mention two examples, there were outbreaks on the Canary Island La Palma and on the outskirts of Athens, in Greece.
<h2>The heat traps the entire Northern hemisphere</h2>
The high-temperature alert continues not only in Europe but also in the United States and Asia. Health authorities stress the need to stay well hydrated and protect yourself from the sun.
That's why the United States is bracing for an "extremely dangerous" heat wave from California to Texas.
In Death Valley, California, the thermometer has climbed to 51&deg;C and up to 54&deg; are expected.
Canada experiences these high temperatures with the aggravation of coming from months of little rainfall, which led to the devastating forest fires that have already made headlines.
The sad reality is that so far in 2023, burned land reached its all-time high of 10 million hectares last week.
In China, temperatures are anticipated to reach maximums of up to 45 degrees in the Xinjiang region (northeast), partly desert, and 39&ordm;C in the southern region of Guangxi.
In the midst of this panorama, the United Nations Organization (UN) issued a statement in which it warned that the world must prepare for more intense heat waves.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
At this critical juncture, there is an urgent need for multipurpose solutions. Medium and long-term plans are also needed to take care of emissions control and savings. It seems that attacking the many threats we face simultaneously and directly is the way to go, instead of planting trees today that do not reduce yesterday's emissions.
For this reason, direct investments are one tool for generating volume in existing clean energies that allow carbon markets to have green portfolios.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Climate change (II/III): the coolest summer of the rest of our lives

The mobility revolution is set to disrupt more than 30 industries and change everything about how people, goods, energy and data move through our world

As the world's population continues to grow, so will transportation systems in ciites. And with more people comes a greater environmental and financial impact.
To this end, many companies are working towards "sustainable mobility", a social effort designed to conserve energy, reduce pollution and create long-term economic solutions for how we move around our city and the world.
Business leaders talk on a daily basis about advances in electric vehicles, "smart city" innovations, quantum technology, charging and logistics technology, workforce development and more.
<h2>Sustainable mobility will change everything</h2>
The mobility revolution is set to disrupt more than 30 industries and change everything about how people, goods, energy and data move through our world. There are obvious sustainable mobility sectors, sich as the electrification of cars and merchandise, but also less obvious sectors, such as the utilization of energy and the kind of energy we consume.
<blockquote>
"Honestly, the day is not that far off when parents will tell their children how, when they were little, they had to drive their own cars."
</blockquote>
It's a lot like how we explain to children now about when phones were on the wall and not in our pockets, or when the family car had a map on board.
<h2>Social training is a great piece of the puzzle</h2>
Training will be needed to increase the supply of electricity grids and also meet the intensity of sustainable mobility needs.
A recent Wall Street Journal article recently detailed the intense need for real-time solutions in cities where self-generation and electromobility are essential to meet sustainable goals.
Vehicles would reduce the great passive and active pollution of the cities. Together with the cessation of the use of fossils for self-generation, more than 70% of a reduction in carbon emissions is achieved.
<h2>Solar cities are smart cities</h2>
Cities can grow in the volume of clean energy. Through training, they can place solar panels in buildings, houses, companies and public buildings.
In this way, the volume grows per capita more than any other sustainability plan for cities.&nbsp;
In addition, it adds new offsetting assets in the carbon markets (at London's [CFI2Z3]) that differentiate and benefit cities to become dominant players in the international sustainability space.
Cities must use their spaces as a test bed for connected autonomous vehicles and energy self-generation; in this way, they would obtain a tremendous competitive advantage.
<h2>Green finances are the big driver</h2>
Environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors have a significant impact on sustainable mobility.&nbsp; Companies must now be held accountable for how they move goods around the world in an environmentally sound way.&nbsp;
And without good practice, there are potential penalties and risks to capital investment.
<h2>Upcycling is electromobility for everyone</h2>
Sustainable mobility is a movement (pun intended) that affects everyone and from which we will all benefit.&nbsp;
Advances in mobility can have a dramatic impact on those who have been "transportation insecure", by providing new and more efficient options for getting to living wage jobs, as well as creating living wage jobs for those who cannot perform certain tasks now due to disabilities.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

The fundamentals of electromobility

The wildfires in Canada are a sign of much worse things to come if we don't curb the burning of fossil fuels

This is part one of a two-part series on the effects of climate change. You can find part two <a href="https://illuminem.com/illuminemvoices/climate-change-deadline-to-global-warming-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.
<h2>Introduction</h2>
How can one better protect themselves from the effects of wildfire smoke?
By not going out!
That's what public health officials and medical experts have been advising tens of millions of people in the US for the past few days, as smoke from the wildfires in Canada has drifted into the US, as far south as South Carolina and as far west as Minnesota.
<h2>Canadian wildfires</h2>
Canada experiences wildfires regularly, but this season's fires have been unusually large and intense, with more than 1,400% of the normal number of acres burned for this time of year, according to ABC News. Tens of thousands of Canadians have been displaced from their homes. Stanford researchers found that the resulting smoke has already produced one of the worst wildfire contamination events in US history.
<h2>Alarm in the United States</h2>
Many people in the eastern US are experiencing health threats typically associated with the wildfire-prone West Coast, wondering if the smoke they see and smell could become the new normal.
<h2>What the science says</h2>
The most advanced expert on the subject is a professor of atmospheric sciences at Penn State University, with a specialization in Atmospheric Sciences.
Why are the wildfires in Canada so intense? What caused this situation?
The answer is quick and simple. Canada has a very extreme, slow, and wavy jet stream pattern right now over North America, leading to a prolonged period of unusually dry weather in parts of Ontario and Quebec, which has favored the development of these forest fires.
<h3>The patterns</h3>
The current pattern slopes north and south, meandering like a river as it crosses the US, with a big drop from eastern Canada to the eastern US. The stuck jet stream pattern is responsible for the dry conditions in eastern Canada and also for the wind patterns that are carrying wildfire smoke into the US.
<blockquote>
"This research suggests that climate change is making these slow, wavy patterns of summer jet streams more common."
</blockquote>
<h2>Associated dangers</h2>
There are several things happening, each of which is related to climate change. This region of Canada is warming and is expected to experience more frequent bouts of hot, dry weather.
The very persistent "stuck" jet stream pattern leads to long periods of stagnant weather, and in this case, a long period of very dry weather that lends itself to larger and more extensive wildfires.
<h3>How have the wildfires affected Canadians?</h3>
Nearly 9 million acres of land have burned in Canadian wildfires so far this year, including half a million in Quebec alone. This has created dangerously poor air conditions not just in Canada, but in increasingly large parts of the eastern and midwestern US. You can smell the smoke from the wildfires in central Pennsylvania.
<blockquote>
"For many on the East Coast, the idea of ​​worrying about how wildfire smoke could directly affect it was never considered a possibility."
</blockquote>
<h3>How bad is it for our health?</h3>
This is a sign of much worse things to come if we don't curb the burning of fossil fuels and carbon emissions and continue to warm the planet.
<h2>Consequences of climate change</h2>
High concentrations of small smoke particles are very dangerous for human health, particularly for the young and old and people suffering from diseases such as asthma. We hear a lot about poor air quality in cities like Beijing due to the high concentration of PM2.5 particles (which interfere with oxygen uptake in the lungs) from coal burning and the resulting sulfur pollution. However, the air quality is even worse in cities like Sydney (during the &ldquo;black summer&rdquo;) or in New York City (now) when there is thick smoke from wildfires, which is also high in these small particles transported to the region.
<blockquote>
"When these conditions persist over a longer period of time, they can lead to chronic lung and heart problems."
</blockquote>
Is it possible to attribute this to climate change?
Yes, of course. Climate change is the only one to blame.
<h2>Precautions</h2>
<h3>What can be done to prevent forest fires of this severity?</h3>
The only way to prevent these events from becoming more frequent and intense is to prevent the continued warming of the planet. The only way to do that is to decarbonise our economy as quickly as possible. The good news is that the planet's surface will stop warming, and these impacts will stop getting worse when we reach net zero carbon emissions. That is where our efforts should be concentrated.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
These unusual patterns of jet streams are fueled by human-caused warming. Also, eastern North America, where all this is happening, is a place where we expect the largest increase in combined heat and dryness due to human-caused warming. Add all of that together, and it's a toxic concoction of climate change.
Eastern North America is one of the places where climate scientists expect the largest increase in fire-friendly hot and dry summer weather in the future, so this is a sign of much worse things to come if we don't control fossil fuels.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Climate change (I/III): the deadline for global warming

Heavy water: an input produced by very few countries, the manufacture of which requires a lot of energy and is essential for the operation of nuclear reactors

It looks exactly the same as the common one: it has no color, smell, or taste. But the price of a liter of heavy water can be worth $700 or more.
The reason is that it is an input produced by very few countries, the manufacture of which requires a lot of energy and is essential for the operation of nuclear reactors that use natural uranium as fuel.
<h2>Nuclear resources</h2>
Power plants generally use natural uranium as fission material and therefore need heavy water to function. To ensure a supply and not depend on other countries, an international plan was developed to produce this strategic input.
<h3>Present</h3>
After a commitment was made to close nuclear plants, days away from the international commitment and as a result of the war in Ukraine, the harmful objectives of nuclear energy were resumed. The idea is that it will be produced again in 2025, to recover energy independence and once again dominate the fuel cycle for the operation of nuclear power plants in Europe.
<h2>What is heavy water? And why is natural uranium essential for nuclear reactors?</h2>
There are several key differences between heavy water and common water. Heavy water is neither toxic nor radioactive, but it is 10% denser than regular water: a liter weighs 1,105 grams, against 1,000 grams of the same volume of common water.
Heavy water molecules are made up of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen, while those of natural water have two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. Another difference is that the latter freezes at 0&deg;C and boils at 100&deg;, and the heavy one at 3.8&deg; and 101.4%, respectively.
<h3>Key needs</h3>
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, but it is heavier. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons as normal atoms, but a different number of neutrons.
Therefore, although their chemical behavior is similar, their physical behavior is different.
Both hydrogen and deuterium have a single proton in their nucleus, but deuterium atoms also have a neutron, which is what determines the properties of heavy water.
<h3>Nuclear operation</h3>
In nuclear reactors fueled with natural uranium, heavy water is used as a moderator.&nbsp;
During a nuclear chain reaction, neutrons are released from fast-moving nuclei and collide with the nuclei of other atoms, causing them to fragment or fission and release energy in the form of heat and more neutrons with high kinetic energy.
In turn, the latter impact and fission other nuclei.
<blockquote>
"Heavy water reduces the speed and energy of those neutrons without absorbing them."
</blockquote>
The common one is useless because it is 40 times more absorbent than the heavy one and would not allow the chain reaction to continue.
<blockquote>
"On the other hand, it is suitable when the fuel is enriched uranium."&nbsp; 
</blockquote>
DANGER!
<h2>Alternative uses</h2>
Heavy water is also used as a coolant and as a carrier for the heat generated in fission. For the reactor to work well, a fluid is needed that transfers that heat and prevents it from reaching excessively high temperatures. In addition, the fluid is used to recover that heat in order to generate energy. Depending on the type of nuclear power plant, an initial inventory of between 0.8 and 1 ton of heavy water is required per electrical megawatt of installed power. During its operation, the reactor consumes 1% of that water per year.
<h3>Differences</h3>
Natural water contains only one deuterium atom for every 7,000 hydrogen atoms. To manufacture a liter of heavy water, 10,000 liters of common water must be treated in large and expensive facilities, in addition to that required for refrigeration and consumption. To be suitable for a natural uranium nuclear power plant, the heavy water must have a purity level greater than 99.8%, also known as &ldquo;reactor grade&rdquo;.
<h2>History</h2>
A choice had to be made between two technologies available for reactors for power generation: enriched uranium and ordinary water or natural uranium and heavy water.&nbsp;
Europe did not have the technology to enrich uranium, but it was evaluated that it was feasible to develop the necessary one to manufacture heavy water or build the plants.
For this reason, the second alternative was chosen.
<h3>The decision</h3>
In 1974, an international event caused difficulties in obtaining inputs related to atomic energy. India accessed nuclear technology through Canada and used some of it to develop a bomb that it blew up to show its might to Pakistan and other neighboring countries.
This put a brake on the supply of this type of technology and supplies and complicated the international plan to acquire a heavy water plant.
<h2>The manufacturing of heavy water</h2>
Production plants must first be located in places with high availability of water. After filtering and demineralizing common water, it transforms into heavy water through the ammonia-hydrogen monothermal isotope exchange method, which consists of extracting deuterium, enriching it, and oxidizing it.
<blockquote>
"Natural water contains 145 parts per million deuterium."
</blockquote>
<h2>Obtaining heavy water</h2>
For its extraction, heavy water is captured with ammonia vapor molecules.
The excess water receives several treatment processes to comply with all environmental care and is returned to the river.
<h3>Additive</h3>
In the enrichment step, all the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia are replaced by deuterium.
This heavy ammonia enters a cracking or cracking furnace, where a synthesis gas (a gaseous mixture of nitrogen and deuterium or ND3) is obtained.
Part of this gas current is derived to the final stage of the process and the rest returns to the enrichment column to exchange deuterium with the ammonia to be enriched. Meanwhile, gas depleted in deuterium emerges from the top of this column, which is converted into ammonia in the synthesis reactor to return to the beginning and restart the extraction cycle.
<h3>Variables</h3>
At the same time, a small deuterium-rich gas stream is bypassed for processing in the oxidation stage. The deuterium in that gas is oxidized with dry air in the presence of a catalyst to generate deuterium oxide in heavy water.
Finally, this is packaged in drums or special stainless steel tanks, under a nitrogen atmosphere.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Nuclear energy concentrates so many resources and processes for the release of high emissions, with the risk of a situation that we already know.
There is no other solution in the energy transition than clean processes obtained from nature (solar, wind, green hydrogen?) that do not alter it.
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Heavy water: a strategic input for nuclear energy or a waste of vital resources?

The economy can reverse the trends. A recent example is the creation of Sovereign Bonds in countries such as Uruguay, to cite a serious nation, that are tied to the commitment to reduce their emissions.

Prudently, Uruguay, hand in hand with its experienced Minister of Economy and Finance, Azucena Arbeleche, launched only 750 million dollars in Bonds (tied to the promise of reducing CO2 emission rates). This is an interesting solution in the world of finances.

<h2>Economy and Environment</h2>
It is clear that we are experiencing an environmental crisis right now and that it is not stopping.
To reduce emissions and find balance, finances are inevitably needed.
<h2>But How?</h2>
Finance is the natural fixer for a system that has destroyed the integrity of the climate and ecosystems. 
The economy has the power to repair and destroy the environment, we choose the first! Economic decisions regarding environmental impact (positive or negative) are so important that they make viable not only the repair of the accumulated consequences of years without a sustainability axis, but they also provide benefit to promote innovation sectors that are based on sustainability.
So the environment is a fundamental part of the new economic policies, which are already being implemented to impact future Net-Zero Emissions goals. Goals which all the inhabitants of this planet must adopt.
<h2>A Case of Success</h2>
The economy can reverse the trends. A recent example is the creation of Sovereign Bonds in countries such as Uruguay, to cite a serious nation, that are tied to the commitment to reduce their emissions.
Prudently, Uruguay, hand in hand with its experienced Minister of Economy and Finance, Azucena Arbeleche, launched only 750 million dollars in Bonds (tied to the promise of reducing CO2 emission rates). This is an interesting solution in the world of finances.
It opens a new space within the economy in order to obtain a productive and thriving sector, and establishes a reference liquidity and a path through which to execute the energy transition depending on fossils. Uruguay has no doubts; knowing that long-term objectives are only effective if they start early.
<h2>Technological Inclusion</h2>
With the help of technology there could be more, much more. The issuance of bonds at an ever lower rate if the renewable platform grows with compensations that when executed are accounted for as genuine investment.
How has the issuance of bonds increased thanks to technology?
<h2>Incorporation of Technology</h2>
The incorporation of technology in energy and environment increases the volume of the economy through this new generated flow, from which previously non-existent liquidity is obtained.
In this case, the applied technology means that climate compensations are directed straight to existing renewable projects in the country&#x27;s active platform, which through geolocation increase the consumption of renewables by large emitters. Producing a double impact: immediate compensation and renewable consumption.
Objective: Finally, the equation obtains the positive result, making the compensations punctually renewable.
<h2>Renewable Consumption</h2>
These compensations, directed to renewables, are generating immediate positive impacts. They are reflected in the short and medium term in a greater volume of financial liquidity, within a sector of the economy that was not relevant as a collection item.
At the same time, the impact on the environment due to the consumption of fossil fuels is reduced (which are imported and reduce the treasury of the countries&#x27; reserves when prices or international demands rise).
<h2>National Availability </h2>
When countries have greater availability of national energy generation through renewables, fiscal spending is reduced and the balance of monetary policy makes sense. Yes, you are in turn being irrigated by direct compensations, the volume of availability of growing the volume of renewables rises, because the compensations are direct investments in renewables.
This produces energy independence, which is achieved for the country (reducing consumption of imports), allowing at the same time the volume of investment and genuine work in these sectors to increase. 
This allows the increase in direct consumption in different areas of the population with employment access established by these new sectors and an income for the state in the collection of the benefits of these practices.
<h2>Triple Impact Economy</h2>
When we talk about the economy, we generally talk about the direct effects that it has on us and not the type of scope - positive or negative -. What can you give us?
<h2>The Depth </h2>
The depth in the economy is given by the number of sectors it reaches and for that the scales are important.
In other words, a direct economy that involves few people has relative positive mobility. The industrial economy includes processes and other sectors that mobilize the chain.
<h2>The Example of Uruguay</h2>
In Uruguay, for example, the axis of the economy is not based on energy, much less on renewables.
But high energy costs liquefy company profits. If we add to this the fines for production emissions, &quot;the productive and industrial system would be in danger&quot;.
<h3>1) Compensations:</h3>
If the Climate Compensations are directed to the renewable projects, in this way the renewable generation platform increases together with the liquidity through the compensations which are taken as investments in the sector immediately, which generates:
<ol><li>Genuine employment and consumption of this new workforce.</li></ol>
<ol><li>Reduction of subsidies and the desired energy independence is achieved (given the world&#x27;s high prices for fossil fuels and the great demands for needs that they have on the European continent).</li></ol>
<h3>2) Efficiency</h3>
With the implementation of Efficiency plans in medium and long-term companies, we reduce the following items:
<ul><li>Energy Consumption.</li></ul>
<ul><li>General Consumption (generating awareness).</li></ul>
<ul><li>Incorporating Habits, which reduce spending and produce savings.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Separation and Control of Waste, through mobile tools that measure our personal footprint (incorporated as habits).</li></ul>
<h3>3) Economic Savings</h3>
What these individual and simultaneous practices generate is the efficiency that derives from savings.
This is the Triple Impact Economy, because in the first item we offset emissions by directing the money directly to installed, approved, active projects and generating them to the network to reduce the stress of consumption supplied by fossil fuels.
At the same time, employment and an underlying volume in the economy are generated through the liquidity in these sectors.
Efficiency in the medium and long term causes society to be more aware of finding energy and financial sustainability.
Finally, savings is the positive consequence of the economy of a country that does things objectively, following the logical steps of sovereignty over its resources.
<h2>Reflection:</h2>
For countries with greater sensitivity to the energy crisis, technologies were essential to correct the negative impact, turning it into a positive process. Raising funds from polluting emissions in the form of compensations, through the tokenization of emissions.
<h2>Benefits to Large Companies </h2>
Instead of punishing, it was decided to educate and provide a space for negotiation between private parties (within the framework of anti-laundering laws) to execute the compensations. For many companies it gave them a role in the choice of projects and negotiation.
The benefit of the projects was correct, &quot;finding the necessary financing and greater than expected on some occasions&quot;.
It is important to use the benefits of technology to reduce emissions so that renewable platforms grow, paving the way for a healthier and faster transition.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
&quot;Countries must take the economic returns of the Technological tools to generate income and financial stability in sectors where the Economy did not have it visible. This allows them to carry out a control process through a panel, which sensitively compiles the changes in the sector to help in decision-making. Technology is the logical solution to reducing emissions and the consequent Climate Change, with its increase in temperatures throughout the planet. Technologies allow us to monitor this to anticipate future problems and control rates reasonable, added to previously unforeseen income&quot;.
Congratulations to Technology and to Uruguay! 
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

The economy has a critical role to play for the environment

There are many absolute theories that have failed, but we are sure of something that on the path to decarbonization, the fight is being given by technology, through wind turbines and their constant advances, increasingly efficient and accessible solar panels, and reuse of waste like energy.

As a result of global warming and the serious climatic consequences, we must ask ourselves what we are doing well and what is wrong.
But we must also ask ourselves, what are we not doing so that the reduction of emissions is adequately controlled?
There are many absolute theories that have failed, but we are sure of something that on the path to decarbonization, the fight is being given by technology, through wind turbines and their constant advances, increasingly efficient and accessible solar panels, and reuse of waste like energy.
All that is technology! 
But what else can we do and not do?
We are clear that technologies are giving their battle and fossils are leaving their mark, but what about funding?
<h1>Why don&#x27;t you get closer to technology?</h1>
Truly, because not much is known about the available technologies and the benefits of using them.
That&#x27;s why revolutionary tools like digital offsets can quickly and transparently bring high-emitting companies closer to technologies that are reducing their impact directly and with extensive information so that the user or issuing company (negative word) becomes a COMPENSATOR without stigmatization involved, being a vital part of the TRANSITION.
For this, using technology we have managed to create tools to bring investments closer to real and active projects, with traceability, geolocation and real-time data.
This brings investments closer to the owners of renewable and clean technology in operation, who require more investment to continue balancing the planet favorably.
From TECHNOLOGY we are offering the way - easy, transparent and a few clicks for the solution.
Comprehensive platforms are the opportunity to leave behind many initiatives that never repaired anything.
Technology is here to add!
Illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Technology as a means of change

There are people who are still unaware of the severe impacts of Climate Change or who, better still (for them), try to look the other way, so as not to recognize their NEGATIVE contribution to pollution on the planet.

They are not isolated events that impact nature and do not affect people, quite the opposite. The repeated changes in the climate are mostly expressed by climatic consequences, either in destruction or loss of spaces.




<h2>Myth or reality?</h2>
There are people who are still unaware of the severe impacts of Climate Change or who, better still (for them), try to look the other way, so as not to recognize their NEGATIVE contribution to pollution on the planet.
<h2>The consequences</h2>
They are not isolated events that impact nature and do not affect people, quite the opposite. The repeated changes in the climate are mostly expressed by climatic consequences, either in destruction or loss of spaces.
Climate catastrophes have increased sharply in the last 20 years and here are the results.
The anomalies that we generate to nature through global warming and causing climate change, are not only expressed in catastrophes.
We see them most significantly in FORCED MIGRATION by the environment or known as "ECONOMIC MIGRATION".
"Quantifying environmental migration is a difficult task, due to the multiple factors that cause it, the methodological problems involved, and the lack of standards for data collection".
Some quantitative data exists on population movements within countries and, to a lesser extent, from one country to another caused by natural hazards.
However, in the case of migration caused by slow-onset environmental processes, such as drought or sea level rise, most of the existing data is qualitative and based on case studies, with very few comparative studies. .
"While data gaps persist, research methodologies are constantly improving."
<h2>Disadvantages</h2>
Droughts observed in the Northern Hemisphere this summer were "at least 20 times more likely" from human-caused climate change, according to a new "quick attribution" study.
The summer of 2022 saw Europe's worst drought in 500 years.
A combination of record temperatures and low rainfall has caused rivers to dry up, wildfires to rage and crop failures will exacerbate already high food prices.
<h2>And also in...</h2>
Elsewhere, the western United States experienced its most extreme drought conditions in 1,200 years and sections of the Yangtze, China's longest river, hit their lowest level since at least 1865 amid extreme temperatures and a "serious lack of water." of rain".
The World Weather Attribution finds that droughts of this intensity can be expected in the Northern Hemisphere once every 20 years in the current climate. However, in a world without climate change, they would only be expected once every 400 years or less.
The team also focused on west-central Europe, where they found that climate change made drought three to four times worse.
Climate change is causing "compounding and cascading risks," one study author told the news conference. For example, extreme droughts caused crop failures at a time when "world markets were already struggling with the impacts of the Ukraine war."
<h2>Record drought</h2>
In September 2022, after months of intense drought in the Northern Hemisphere, BBC News published an article with the headline: &ldquo;Drought in China, Europe and the US:
<h3>Is 2022 the driest year on record?</h3>
From early May to mid-September, back-to-back heat waves swept across Europe, earning the summer the title of "hottest on record".
Two-thirds of Europe found itself under drought warnings in what some reported as the continent's worst drought in 500 years.
The drought had serious impacts on agriculture. For example, the Po river basin in northern Italy experienced its worst &ldquo;WATER CRISIS&rdquo; in about 70 years, disappearing completely in some areas and causing a 30% drop in the rice harvest.
As similar stories unfolded across Europe, fears of a global food security crisis were growing.
Professor Maarten van Aalst, of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, told a news conference that climate change is producing "composite and cascading risks". Speaking of the current food crisis, he said: &ldquo;World markets were already struggling with the impacts of the Ukraine war, both in food prices and through fertilisers.
We had already seen some other weather shocks in those agricultural prices, including South Asian heat in India and Pakistan...
"In turn we saw the shocks that spread throughout the global system.&rdquo;
The Guardian called the event a "MEGA DROUGHT," noting that Lake Mead and Lake Powell "are at record lows and steadily wilting," adding that "wildfires now rage year-round as that dry forests and grasslands are more primed than ever to burn.
Separately, China was hit by its most severe heat wave in six decades.
Sections of the Yangtze reached their lowest level since at least 1865, limiting hydroelectric power, halting shipping and forcing major companies to suspend operations.
<h2>Agricultural drought</h2>
There are many ways to define drought. For example, hydrologic drought focuses on the amount of rainfall a region receives, while pluvial droughts focus on surface and groundwater flows.
This study focuses on the &ldquo;AGRICULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL DROUGHT&rdquo;, which measures the moisture content of the soil.
The researchers calculated soil moisture in the "SURFACE" and "ROOT ZONE," which measure the amount of moisture in the top seven centimeters and top meter of soil, respectively.
Specialists say that measuring agricultural and ecological drought in the root zone is "PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT" because most plants absorb water at this depth.
This is why they investigate the role of climate change on soil moisture between June and August 2022 in the northern hemisphere, excluding tropical regions.
They also focus on a smaller region of central-western Europe during the same period.
<h2>Reflection</h2>
Climate Change is affecting every area of our lives and in sometimes smaller proportions, following by serious effects with intensity.
"Which accelerate our prevention measures, but also attack our surprise, leaving us unprotected in the face of extreme catastrophes."
The repercussions on our daily habits are undeniable "and it is remarkable how human beings are adapting to the fury of a climate that we knew how to destroy."
There must be an immediate change in efficiency habits! Those that we should adopt, so that improvements are reflected.
This article is also published on the <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/myth-reality-climate-change-diego-balverde/?trackingId=yqr8q7z7RQuUUMvsgcckMA%3D%3D">author's blog</a>. Illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability &amp; Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.

Diego Balverde

Diego Balverde

Maritime: LNG as a solution or an anchor?

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