References and Appendix: Green vs pink hydrogen production in Japan

List of references

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AHC (Australian Hydrogen Council) (2020). Getting to H2 under $2 dollars: key milestones for achieving hydrogen export industry at scale in Australia. Australian Hydrogen Council. https://h2council.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAP-H2-under-2_export-v1_2020-07-20-075532.pdf

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Buchholz, S., Ricotti, M., Martin, O., Thuy, N., Lombardo, C., Kornytskyi, A., Playez, N., S. Israel, S., & Kaliatka, A. (2021). Improved safety features of LW-SMRs. ELSMOR. /https://www.elsmor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/D1.1-Improved-safety-features-of-LW-SMRs.pdf

Chandler, D.L. (2019, February 3). Turning desalination waste into a useful resource. MIT News. https://news.mit.edu/2019/brine-desalianation-waste-sodium-hydroxide-0213

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Chew, Y., Chen, Z., Loy, A., How, B., & Andiappan, V. (2023, March 15). Beyond the colours of hydrogen: Opportunities for process systems engineering in hydrogen economy. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-023-00324-z

CHP (Clean Hydrogen Partnership) (2024a). Sustainable supply chain and industrialization of hydrogen technologies. Summary Report. Clean Hydrogen Partnership. https://www.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/document/download/1864ecb1-8dc8-425f-9a32-a03035e58751_en?filename=Hydrogen%20supply%20chain_summary%20report_PUBLIC.pdf

CHP (Clean Hydrogen Partnership) (2024b, June). Levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) calculator manual. Clean Hydrogen Partnership. https://observatory.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/Manual%20-%20Levelised%20Cost%20of%20Hydrogen%20%28LCOH%29%20Calculator.pdf

Cleveland, C.& Ni, A. (2024, May 13). What are the capacity factors and why they are important? Visualizing Energy. https://visualizingenergy.org/what-are-capacity-factors-and-why-are-they-important/

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Corbeau A.S., Hamilton, M., & Cutright, A. (2022, June). Scaling up the hydrogen market. Dialogue insight report. International Energy Forum. http://www.ief.org/_resources/files/pages/hydrogen-market-pathways/ief-hydrogen-market-pathways-report---scaling-up-the-hydrogen-market.pdf

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Davies, M., Shimodaira, D., & Meade, M. (2023, December 21). Japan proposes new hydrogen price-gap subsidy. Client alert. King & Spalding. https://www.kslaw.com/news-and-insights/japan-proposes-new-hydrogen-price-gap-subsidy

Day, P. (2024, November 20). US hydrogen strategy unclear as Trump seeks spending cuts. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-hydrogen-strategy-unclear-trump-seeks-spending-cuts-2024-11-20/

Delatte, J. (2023, March 2023). Global hydrogen policy: assessing Japan’s hydrogen society. Institute Montaigne. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/global-hydrogen-policy-assessing-japans-hydrogen-society

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024a). Hydrogen production. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/program-areas/production

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024b). Hydrogen production: electrolysis. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024c). Hydrogen production: natural gas reformatting. U.S Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-natural-gas-reforming#:

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024d). Regional clean hydrogen hubs selections award nominations. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/oced/regional-clean-hydrogen-hubs-selections-award-negotiations

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024e, September). Pathways to commercial liftoff: Advanced nuclear. U.S. Department of Energy. https://liftoff.energy.gov/advanced-nuclear-2/

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024f). Hydrogen storage. US Department of Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage#.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2023). Energy reliability. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/energy-reliability

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2020). Hydrogen strategy: enabling a low-carbon economy. US. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/07/f76/USDOE_FE_Hydrogen_Strategy_July2020.pdf

Economist (2021, October 9). Creating the new hydrogen economy is a massive undertaking and a delicate one. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2021/10/09/creating-the-new-hydrogen-economy-is-a-massive-undertaking

Eh, C.L.M., Tiong, A.T., Kansedo, J. Lim, C.H., How, B.S., & Ng, W.P.Q. (2022). Circular hydrogen economy and its challenges. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 94, pp.1273-1278, doi: 10.3303/CET2294212

EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration) (2023, June 23). Hydrogen explained. US Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/

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Endo, H. (2024, September 28). Personal communication about the green hydrogen project in the Tohoku region in 2022. 

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Engbarth (2023, July 7).  Japan: finding a role for pink hydrogen? Energy Intelligence. https://www.energyintel.com/00000189-2805-d3a6-a7eb-3eb5f4060000#

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Fernandez – Arias, P., Anton-Sancho, A., Lampropoulos, G. & Vergard, D. (2024, May 10). Emerging trends and challenges in pink hydrogen research. Energies, 17, 2291. http://doi.org/10.3390/en17102291

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Han, X., Vercoulen, P., Lee, S., Lam, A., Kato, S., & Morotomi, T., (2023, August). Policy design for diffusing hydrogen economy and its impact on Japanese economy by 2050 carbon neutrality: Analysis using E3ME-FTT model. Kyoto University. https://www.econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/renewable_energy/stage2/pbfile/m000565/DP50.pdf

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Appendix

Table 1

Global and Japanese Comparable Figures for the Potential Cost of Green and Pink Hydrogen  in Japan

Table 2 

Comparative Analysis – Economic Criteria

Table 3 

Comparative Analysis – Economic Criteria (cont.)

Table 4 

Comparative Analysis – Other Criteria (Environment, Safety, Workforce Availability) 

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