· 20 min read
List of references
Abdelshafy, A, Lambert, M., Walther, G. (2024, March). MENA region as a potential hydrogen supplier for the European market: Analyzing a prospective route between Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Germany. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/mena-region-as-a-potential-hydrogen-supplier-for-the-european-market-analysing-a-prospective-route-between-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-and-germany/
AHC (Australian Hydrogen Council) (2020). Getting to H2 under $2 dollars: key milestones for achieving hydrogen export industry at scale in Australia. Australian Hydrogen Council. https://h2council.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAP-H2-under-2_export-v1_2020-07-20-075532.pdf
Allsup, M. (2024, August 24). A political quagmire is holding up 45V. Latitude Media. https://www.latitudemedia.com/news/the-political-quagmire-thats-holding-up-45v
Anderson, V.N. (2023). Policies to improve energy and environmental security, resilience, and reliability (I/V): a case study on Japan. Illuminem. https://illuminem.com/illuminemvoices/policies-to-improve-energy-and-environmental-security-resilience-and-reliability-iv-a-case-study-on-japan
Anderson, V.N. (2022). Geography matters (I/II): coastal green hydrogen hub as a key to building a hydrogen economy. Illuminem. https://illuminem.com/illuminemvoices/geography-matters-coastal-green-hydrogen-hub-as-a-key-to-building-a-hydrogen-economy-part-1
Andriamahefazafy, M., & Failler, P. (2022, March). Towards a circular economy for African islands: an analysis of existing baselines and strategies. Circular Economy Sustainability, 2, 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-021-00059-4
Arai, R., Calisto Friant, M. & Vermeulen, W.J.V. (2024, March). The Japanese circular economy and sound material-cycle society policies: discourse and policy analysis. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4, pp. 619–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-023-00298-7
Ayers, K., Motz, A., & Carter, B. (2021). (Invited) Recycling considerations for PEM electrolysis materials. Meeting Abstract. MA2021-02 1790. IOP Science. 10.1149/MA2021-02601790mtgabs
Bazilian, M. & Hendrix, C. (2022, August 4). New winners, new losers: toward a new energy security. War on Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/new-winners-new-losers-toward-a-new-energy-security/
Birol, F. (2021, June 28). Japan will have to tread a unique pathway to net-zero, but it can get there through innovation and investment. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/commentaries/japan-will-have-to-tread-a-unique-pathway-to-net-zero-but-it-can-get-there-through-innovation-and-investment
Baker McKenzie (2024). Global hydrogen policy tracker: Japan. Baker McKenzie. https://resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/hydrogen-heat-map/asia-pacific/japan/topics/hydrogen-developments#
BioEnergyTimes (2024, May 11). Green hydrogen production cost to decline with new discovery by Japan. BioEnergyTimes. https://bioenergytimes.com/green-hydrogen-production-cost-to-decline-with-new-discovery-by-japan/
Bloomberg News (2024a, January 30). Fortesque says Europe can’t compete as a green hydrogen hub. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-30/fortescue-executive-says-europe-can-t-compete-as-green-hydrogen-hub
Bloomberg News (2024b, October 29). Japan’s nuclear power revival is threated by a lack of workers. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-29/japan-s-nuclear-power-revival-is-threatened-by-a-lack-of-workers
BloombergNEF (2023, July). New energy outlook: Japan. BloombergNEF. https://about.bnef.com/new-energy-outlook-series
Bocobza, J., Tanabe, M. & Takahashi, S. (2024, October 30). Japan’s hydrogen society promotion act comes into effect. White & Case. https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/japans-hydrogen-society-promotion-act-comes-effect#
Bond, K., Butler-Ross, S. & Walter, D. (2024, June). Cleantech revolution.: It’s exponential, disruptive, and now. RMI. https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2024/07/RMI-Cleantech-Revolution-pdf-1.pdf
Bordoff, J. & Dunnmon, J. (2014, October 14), America’s AI Leadership depends on Energy. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/14/ai-artificial-intelligence-energy-demand-nuclear-solar-wind/
BP (2024). BP Outlook – 2024 edition. BP. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2024.pdf
Buchholz, S., Ricotti, M., Martin, O., Thuy, N., Lombardo, C., Kornytskyi, A., Playez, N., S. Israel, S., & Kaliatka, A. (2021). Improved safety features of LW-SMRs. ELSMOR. /https://www.elsmor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/D1.1-Improved-safety-features-of-LW-SMRs.pdf
Chandler, D.L. (2019, February 3). Turning desalination waste into a useful resource. MIT News. https://news.mit.edu/2019/brine-desalianation-waste-sodium-hydroxide-0213
Chalecki, E. (2002, August) Environmental security: a case study of climate change. Pacific Institute. http://pacinst.org/publication/military-faces-serious-challenges-from-climate-change/
CS (Cabinet Secretariat) (2022, December). National security strategy of Japan. Cabinet Secretariat. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/221216anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf
Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (2024). Clean hydrogen work programme-2024. Clean Hydrogen Europa. https://www.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/system/files/2024-01/Clean%20Hydrogen%20JU%20AWP%202024%20-%20all%20chapters_Final_For_Publication.pdf
Chew, Y., Chen, Z., Loy, A., How, B., & Andiappan, V. (2023, March 15). Beyond the colours of hydrogen: Opportunities for process systems engineering in hydrogen economy. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-023-00324-z
CHP (Clean Hydrogen Partnership) (2024a). Sustainable supply chain and industrialization of hydrogen technologies. Summary Report. Clean Hydrogen Partnership. https://www.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/document/download/1864ecb1-8dc8-425f-9a32-a03035e58751_en?filename=Hydrogen%20supply%20chain_summary%20report_PUBLIC.pdf
CHP (Clean Hydrogen Partnership) (2024b, June). Levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) calculator manual. Clean Hydrogen Partnership. https://observatory.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/Manual%20-%20Levelised%20Cost%20of%20Hydrogen%20%28LCOH%29%20Calculator.pdf
Cleveland, C.& Ni, A. (2024, May 13). What are the capacity factors and why they are important? Visualizing Energy. https://visualizingenergy.org/what-are-capacity-factors-and-why-are-they-important/
Cornell Law School (CLS) (n.d.) Legal Information Institute. 10 USC Code Section 101 (e), 6 and 7. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/101#e_6
Corbeau A.S., Hamilton, M., & Cutright, A. (2022, June). Scaling up the hydrogen market. Dialogue insight report. International Energy Forum. http://www.ief.org/_resources/files/pages/hydrogen-market-pathways/ief-hydrogen-market-pathways-report---scaling-up-the-hydrogen-market.pdf
CRM (Critical Raw Material Alliance) (2024). What are critical raw materials? CRM Alliance https://www.crmalliance.eu/critical-raw-materials#
CSU (California State University Chanell Islands) (2023). What is environmental resilience? California State University. www.csuci.edu/fs/sustainability/environmental-resiliency.htm
CTVC (2024, August 19). The hard truth about hydrogen #210. CTVC. https://www.ctvc.co/the-hard-truth-about-hydrogen-210/
Davies, M., Shimodaira, D., & Meade, M. (2023, December 21). Japan proposes new hydrogen price-gap subsidy. Client alert. King & Spalding. https://www.kslaw.com/news-and-insights/japan-proposes-new-hydrogen-price-gap-subsidy
Day, P. (2024, November 20). US hydrogen strategy unclear as Trump seeks spending cuts. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-hydrogen-strategy-unclear-trump-seeks-spending-cuts-2024-11-20/
Delatte, J. (2023, March 2023). Global hydrogen policy: assessing Japan’s hydrogen society. Institute Montaigne. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/global-hydrogen-policy-assessing-japans-hydrogen-society
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024a). Hydrogen production. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/program-areas/production
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024b). Hydrogen production: electrolysis. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024c). Hydrogen production: natural gas reformatting. U.S Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-natural-gas-reforming#:
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024d). Regional clean hydrogen hubs selections award nominations. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/oced/regional-clean-hydrogen-hubs-selections-award-negotiations
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024e, September). Pathways to commercial liftoff: Advanced nuclear. U.S. Department of Energy. https://liftoff.energy.gov/advanced-nuclear-2/
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2024f). Hydrogen storage. US Department of Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage#.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2023). Energy reliability. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/energy-reliability
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2020). Hydrogen strategy: enabling a low-carbon economy. US. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/07/f76/USDOE_FE_Hydrogen_Strategy_July2020.pdf
Economist (2021, October 9). Creating the new hydrogen economy is a massive undertaking and a delicate one. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2021/10/09/creating-the-new-hydrogen-economy-is-a-massive-undertaking
Eh, C.L.M., Tiong, A.T., Kansedo, J. Lim, C.H., How, B.S., & Ng, W.P.Q. (2022). Circular hydrogen economy and its challenges. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 94, pp.1273-1278, doi: 10.3303/CET2294212
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration) (2023, June 23). Hydrogen explained. US Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/
Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2024). Circular economy introduction. Ellen Macarthur Foundation. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview
Enapter (2020, October 20). AEM Water Electrolysis: How it Works. Enapter. https://www.enapter.com/blog/aem-water-electrolysis-how-it-works/
Endo, H. (2024, September 28). Personal communication about the green hydrogen project in the Tohoku region in 2022.
Engelking, N. (2024, November 16). Explosion in Abfüllwerk sorgt für bundesweite Wasserstoffkrise. Heise Academy. https://www.heise.de/news/Explosion-in-Abfuellwerk-sorgt-fuer-bundesweite-Wasserstoffkrise-10039849.html?wt_mc=rss.red.ho.ho.atom.beitrag.beitrag
Engbarth (2023, July 7). Japan: finding a role for pink hydrogen? Energy Intelligence. https://www.energyintel.com/00000189-2805-d3a6-a7eb-3eb5f4060000#
Eto, R. Nakano, T., Morimoto, T. Onda, N., Iwata, T., Ninomiya, Y., Shibata, Y, Yanagisawa, A., Ito, K., (2023, December 23). Economic and Energy Outlook for Japan for FY 2024 – The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. IIEJ. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/press/press231220_en.pdf
European Parliament Research Service (EPRS) (2021, September 16). Japan’s 2050 goal: a carbon-neutral society. European Parliament Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2021)698023
Fernandez – Arias, P., Anton-Sancho, A., Lampropoulos, G. & Vergard, D. (2024, May 10). Emerging trends and challenges in pink hydrogen research. Energies, 17, 2291. http://doi.org/10.3390/en17102291
FTI (FTI Consulting) (2024). Green hydrogen global market price model. FTI Consulting. https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/reports/green-hydrogen-global-market-price-model
Gaster, R. (2024, January). A realist approach to hydrogen. Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. https://itif.org/publications/2024/01/16/a-realist-approach-to-hydrogen/
Gencer, E. (2024, February 27). How clean is green hydrogen? Climate Portal. MIT. https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-clean-green-hydrogen
Goodman, S. (2012, April 15). What is environmental security? Yale Insights. https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/what-is-environmental-security
Gomonov K, Reshetnikova M, Ratner S. (2023) Economic Analysis of Recently Announced Green Hydrogen Projects in Russia: A Multiple Case Study. Energies, 16(10):4023. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104023
Government of Japan (2021, July). Water and Japan. Government of Japan. https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/202107/202107_09_en.html
Government of Japan (2024). Mottainai: reduce; reuse, recycle – and respect. Government of Japan. https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201807/201807_12_en.html
Han, X., Vercoulen, P., Lee, S., Lam, A., Kato, S., & Morotomi, T., (2023, August). Policy design for diffusing hydrogen economy and its impact on Japanese economy by 2050 carbon neutrality: Analysis using E3ME-FTT model. Kyoto University. https://www.econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/renewable_energy/stage2/pbfile/m000565/DP50.pdf
Hassan, T., Gemechu, E., Kumar, A. (2022). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy footprints of utility-scale solar energy systems, Applied Energy, 314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118918.
Hasegawa, M. & Maekawa, Y. (2024, October 28). Japan’s election leaves energy policy in limbo. Argus Media. https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2622511-japan-s-election-leaves-energy-policy-in-limbo
Hassan, Q., Algburi, S., Sameen, A., Salman, H. & Jaszczur, M. (2024). Green hydrogen: a pathway to a sustainable energy future. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 50, 310-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.321
Hawker, E. (2023, May). Japan’s big bet on hydrogen. ESG Investor. https://www.esginvestor.net/japans-big-bet-on-hydrogen/
Herco (2024). What role do operating costs (OPEX) play in the production of green hydrogen? Herco. https://www.hercowater.com/en/news/watertreatment/what-role-do-operating-costs-opex-play-in-the-production-of-green-hydrogen.htm
Herrador, M., Jong, W., Nasu, Kiyokazu, & Granrath (2022, January 22). Circular economy and zero-carbon strategies between Japan and South Korea: A comparative study. Science of the Total Environment, 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153274
Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
Hosp, G. (2024, March 14). Energy guru Daniel Yergin: “I am sick of the energy transition discussion.” NZZ. https://issuu.com/johna.shanahan/docs/240314_i_am_sick_of_the_energy_transition_discussi
Hydrogen Council (2024). Global hydrogen insights 2024. Hydrogen Council. https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/hydrogen-insights-2024/
H2 Tools (Hydrogen Tools) (2024). Basic hydrogen properties chart. Hydrogen Tools. https://h2tools.org/basic-hydrogen-properties-chart#:
Humbler, Y. (2024, October 28). Hydrogen project rollout in Japan waylaid by choppy politics and cost. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/hydrogen-project-rollout-in-japan-waylaid-by-choppy-politics-and-cost/
Hurdle, J. (2023, 28). As millions of solar panels age out, recyclers hope to cash in. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/solar-energy-panels-recycling
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (2024a). Assessing the technical and economic aspects of nuclear hydrogen production for near-term deployment. IAEA. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-2075web.pdf
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (2024b). Climate change and nuclear power. IAEA. https://www.iaea.org/publications/15754/climate-change-and-nuclear-power-2024-financing-nuclear-energy-in-low-carbon-transitions
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (2023). What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)? IAEA. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-are-small-modular-reactors-smrs#
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2022). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2024). Global hydrogen review 2024. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2024
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2024b). Recycling of critical materials. IEA. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/3af7fda6-8fd9-46b7-bede-395f7f8f9943/RecyclingofCriticalMinerals.pdf
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2023a, January). Hydrogen patents for a clean energy future. IEA. https://link.epo.org/web/hydrogen_patents_for_a_clean_energy_future_2023_en.pdf
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2023b). Energy security. IEA. https://www.iea.org/about/energy-security
IEA ((International Energy Agency) (2023c). Electricity grids and secure energy transitions. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions/executive-summary
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2021, March). Energy policy review - Japan. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/japan-2021
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2019, June). The future of hydrogen. Seizing today’s opportunities. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-fuure-of-hydrogen\
Idel, R. (2022, November 15). Levelized full system costs of electricity. Energy, 259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124905
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2024a, July 30). Green hydrogen strategy: A guide to design. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Jul/Green-hydrogen-strategy-A-guide-to-design
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2024b, October). Renewable Energy and jobs. Annual review 2024. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Oct/Renewable-energy-and-jobs-Annual-review-2024
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2023). Water for hydrogen production. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Dec/Water-for-hydrogen-production
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2022). Global hydrogen trade to meet the 15C climate goal. Part III. Green hydrogen cost and potential. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/May/IRENA_Global_Hydrogen_Trade_Costs_2022.pdf
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2021). Japan – profile. IRENA. /https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Asia/Japan_Asia_RE_SP.pdf#:~:text=Energy%20self-sufficiency%20has%20been%20defined%20as%20total,primary%20energy%20supply.%20Energy%20trade%20includes%20all.
Ishihara, T., & Ohno, I. (2023, June 23). Revised hydrogen strategy offers no clear path to carbon neutrality. Position Paper. Renewable Energy Institute. https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/activities/reports/20230720.php
Iwatsuki, J., Kasahara, S., Kubo, S., Inagaki, Y., Kunitomi, K., & Ogawa, M. (2014, September). Economic evaluation of HTGR IS process hydrogen production system. Japan Atomic Energy Agency. https://jopss.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Review-2014-037.pdf
James, W. (2024, January 24). Japan’s ‘hydrogen society” may do more hard than good. Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2024/01/japans-hydrogen-society-may-do-more-harm-than-good/
Japan Times (2024, November 26). Japanese panel suggests 60% emissions reduction target for 2035. Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/26/japan/japan-emission-reduction-target/
JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization) (2023, December) Hydrogen is Taking Off in Japan. That’s Good News for Global Investors and Innovators. JETRO. https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/insights/japan-insight/hydrogen-taking-off-japan.html
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) (n.d.). Japan’s experience on water resource management. JICA. https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/english/our_work/thematic_issues/water/fh2q4d000000ruz4-att/summary_slides_01.pdf
JMA (Japan Meteorological Society) (2023). Climate change monitoring report 2023. Japan Meteorological Society. https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/NMHS/ccmr/ccmr2023.pdf
Japan NRG (2024a, July 16). Hydrogen’s atomic dreams. Japan aims for hydrogen produced with nuclear power. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/hydrogens-atomic-dreams-japan-aims-for-h2-produced-with-nuclear-power/
Japan NRG (2024b, June). Hydrogen demand in Japan. Report by Japan NRG for Japan Energy Sumit & Exhibition. DMG Events. Japanenergyevent.com
Japan NRG (2024c, October 21). Regional hydrogen projects take off as companies work on details of 10 candidate hubs. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/archive/japan-nrg-weekly-oct-21-2024/
Japan NRG (2024d, November 14). Government mulls the replacement of decommissioned NPPs with advanced nuclear reactors. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/acms/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Japan-NRG-Weekly-20241118.pdf
Japan NRG (2024e). ENEOS exec says state subsidy fund for hydrogen insufficient to meet goals. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/
Jiji Press (2024, November 6). Japan's 1st Interim Spent Fuel Storage Facility Starts Operations. Jiji Press. https://sp.m.jiji.com/english/show/36508
JOGMEC (Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security) (2024). Methane hydrate research and development. Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security. https://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/oil/oilgas_10_000020.html#
JT (The Japan Times) (2024). Japan GDP set to confirm the slip to world’s fourth-largest economy. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/02/13/economy/japan-gdp-number-four/
Kazuya, T. (2024, February 9). Japan’s most significant climate policies and programs in 2023. Climate Scorecard. https://www.climatescorecard.org/2024/02/japans-most-significant-climate-policies-and-programs-in-2023/
KEPCO (2023, October 11). Demonstration project of nuclear-derived hydrogen in Japan (in Japanese). KEPCO. https://www.kepco.co.jp/corporate/pr/2023/pdf/20231011_2j.pdf.
Kuronuma, K. (2024, November 12). Ishiba’s minority government faces 3 tests in the coming months. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-s-new-PM/Ishiba-s-minority-government-faces-3-tests-in-coming-months
Krishnan, M., Bradley, C., Tai., H., Devesa, T., Smit, S., & Pactoid, D. (2024, August). The hard stuff: Navigating the physical realities for the energy transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-navigating-the-physical-realities-of-the-energy-transition
Lacy, P., Long, J., & Spindler, W. (2020, January 29). The circular economy handbook: Realizing the circular advantage. Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95968-6
Lazard, (2024, June). LCOE (Levelized cost of energy analysis) +. Lazard. https://www.lazard.com/media/xemfey0k/lazards-lcoeplus-june-2024-_vf.pdf
Lee, J. (2024, October 31). Big tech is paving the way for a nuclear breakthrough. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/big-tech-is-paving-the-way-for-a-nuclear-breakthrough-1b21c1a1
Lenzen, M. (2008). Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review,
Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (8), pp. 2178-2199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.033.
Li, S., Byrum, Z., Gangota, A., & Anderson, A. (2024, August 6). Can clean hydrogen fuel clean energy future? World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/insights/what-is-clean-hydrogen#
Liebreich, M. (2024, September 14). The Great hydrogen reset – it is Germany’s turn? Substack. https://mliebreich.substack.com/p/the-great-hydrogen-reset-is-it-germanys
Liebreich M. & Liebreich Associates (Liebreich) (2023a). Hydrogen Ladder Version 5.0. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hydrogen-ladder-version-50-michael-liebreich/
Liebreich, M. (2023, September 6). Liebreich: Net zero will be harder than you think: Part I. Harder. BloombergNEF. https://about.bnef.com/blog/liebreich-net-zero-will-be-harder-than-you-think-and-easier-part-i-harder/
Loorbach, (2022, June 22). Transition governance model and the role of activist academics. Erasmus University Rotterdam. DRIFT. Design Impact Transition Platform. Personal Communication.
Mahijani, A. & Hersbach, T. (2004, January). Water requirements for various approaches to hydrogen production. Quantitative, siting, and resilience considerations. IEER. https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Water-requirements-for-hydrogen-final-report-by-IEER-for-Just-Solutions-2023-11-15.pdf
Martin, P. (2024, October 28). “We overestimated how much hydrogen the world would need to reach net zero’: analysts admit. Hydrogen Insights. https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/we-overestimated-how-much-hydrogen-the-world-would-need-to-reach-net-zero-analysts-admit/2-1-1728262
Martin, P. (2023, 26 October). Japan’s power sector will be “first” to offtake hydrogen and ammonia – but why? Accelerate Hydrogen. https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/power/japan-s-power-sector-will-be-first-to-offtake-hydrogen-and-ammonia-but-why-/2-1-1542180
Martin, P. (2023b, July 27). Analysis: How much does a kilogram of green hydrogen actualy cost? Well, it is complicated. Hydrogen Insight. https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/analysis-how-much-does-a-kilogram-of-green-hydrogen-actually-cost-well-it-s-complicated/2-1-1492217
Mattis, W. (2024). Green hydrogen hype fades as high costs force project retreat. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/10/04/energy/green-hydrogen-hype-fade/
Merk, P., Kuwahata, R., Rabe, S., Wakeyama, T., Ichimura, S., & Pescia, D. (2018). Integrating renewables into the Japanese power grid by 2030: A frequency stability and load flow analysis on the Japanese system in response to high renewables penetration levels. Agora. https://www.agora-energiewende.org/fileadmin/Projekte/2018/Japan_Grid/2019-04-26_Presentation_Integrating_renewable_into_the_Japanese_power_grid_2030_REI_Agora_EGI_Gridlab.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2024, February). Japan’s energy: 10 questions for understanding the current energy situation. METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/brochures/pdf/japan_energy_2023.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2023a). Basic hydrogen strategy. METI. https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/shoene_shinene/suiso_seisaku/pdf/20230606_5.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2023b). GX 実現に向けた基本方針~今後 10 年を見据えたロードマップ~(The Basic Policy for GX Realization – Roadmap for the next 10 years). METI. https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2022/02/20230210002/20230210002_1.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2023c) GX 実現に向けた基本方針: 参考資料(The Basic Policy for GX Realization – Appendix). METI. https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2022/02/20230210002/20230210002_3.pdf..
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2022, August 12). 2021 – Understanding the current energy situation in Japan (Part 1). METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/special/article/detail_171.html
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2022, January 14). Japan’s Newest “Strategic Energy Plan” toward Carbon Neutrality by 2050. METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/special/article/detail_168.html
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2021a, October). Outline of the 6th strategic energy plan. Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/others/basic_plan/pdf/6th_outline.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2021b, September). 基本政策分科会に対する発電コスト検証に関する報告 (Report on power generation cost – Verification to the Basic Policy Subcommittee). METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/committee/council/basic_policy_subcommittee/mitoshi/cost_wg/pdf/cost_wg_20210908_01.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2021c, December). How much does it cost to generate electricity? (Translated from Japanese). METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/denki_cost.html
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2020a). Circular Economy Vision 2020. METI. https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/junkai_keizai/pdf/20200522_03.pdf
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2020b, July 31) Japan’s new international resource strategy to secure rare metals. METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/special/article/detail_158.html#:
METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry) (2017, December 26). Basic Hydrogen Strategy.
The Ministerial Council on Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Related Issues. https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Basic%20Hydrogen%20Strategy%20%28EN%29.pdf
Mishnaevsky, L. (2021). Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions. Materials, 14(5), 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051124
Mohammadi, E., Singh, S., & Habib, K. (2021, October 1). How big is circular economy potential on Caribbean islands considering e-waste?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128457.
MOD (Ministry of Defense) (2024). 2024 - Defense of Japan. Ministry of Defense. https://www.mod.go.jp/en/publ/w_paper/wp2024/DOJ2024_EN_Full.pdf
Nagoya University (2020, June 5). Wastewater treatment system in Japan. Nagoya University. https://hirayamalab.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020waterwasteeng._05_handouts.pdf
Nakano, J. (2024, June 2028). Can nuclear be Japan’s answer to meeting its energy demand expansion? Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-nuclear-be-japans-answer-meeting-its-energy-demand-expansion
Nakano, J. (2021, October 21). Japan’s hydrogen industrial strategy. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/japans-hydrogen-industrial-strategy
National Grid (2024). The hydrogen colour spectrum. National Grid. https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/hydrogen-colour-spectrum
Naylor, R., & Gidda, T. (2022, November 22). The water-energy nexus: The power of commitment. Wastewater Digest. https://www.wwdmag.com/utility-management/article/21438341/the-waterenergy-nexus-the-power-of-commitment
NHK (NHK World). (2023, July 1). Japan extends nuclear reactor operation beyond 60-year cap. NHK World. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/2488/
NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2024). High temperature gas-cooled reactors. Nuclear Energy Agency. https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_20497/high-temperature-gas-cooled-reactors
NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2023). The future of Japan’s nuclear sector. Nuclear Energy Agency. https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_78684/the-future-of-japan-s-nuclear-sector
Nian, V., Chou, S., Bin, S, Bauly, J. (2014). Life cycle analysis on carbon emissions from power generation – the nuclear energy example, Applied Energy, 118, pp. 68-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.015.
Nikkei (2024, August 30). Japan’s TEPCO to invest 3.2 billion in power grid to meet AI demand. Nikkei. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Energy/Japan-s-TEPCO-to-invest-3.2bn-in-power-grid-to-meet-AI-demand
Nikkei (2024). METI aims to use nuclear power for the long-term, with electricity share of 20% even in 2040. Nikkei. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA18AAG0Y4A111C2000000/
NJ (New Jersey Department of Health) (2016). Hazardous substance fact sheet. Hydrogen: Right to Know. https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1010.pdf
Nobre, G.C. & Tavarez, E. (2021, June 19). The quest for a circular economy final definition: A scientific perspective. The Journal of Cleaner Production, 314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127973
Nnabuife, S., Darko, C., Obiako, C., Kuang, B., Sun, X., & Jenkins, K. (2023, November 23). Comparative analysis of different hydrogen production methods and their environmental impact. Clean Technologies, 5, 1344-1380. https://doi.org./10.3390/cleantechnol5040067
Ohno, T., Nishida, Y., Ishihara, T., & Hirose, A. (2022, September). Re-examining Japan’s hydrogen strategy. Moving beyond the “Hydrogen Society” Fantasy. Renewable Energy Institute. https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/activities/reports/20220922.php
Omerspahic, M., Al Jabri, H., Siddiqui, S.A., & Saadaoui, I. (2022, April 26). Characteristics of desalination brine and its effects on marine chemistry and health, with emphasis on the Persian/Arabian Gulf: A review. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:845113. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.845113
Osumi, M. (2024, October 28). Building an offshore wind workforce: Japan struggles to train skilled talent. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/building-wind-workforce-japan-struggles-to-train-skilled-talent/
Our World in Data (2024). Electricity production by source – Japan. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked?facet=metric&country=~JPN
OXFAM (2024). What does a just energy transition mean? OXFAM America. https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/what-is-a-just-energy-transition
Ozin, G. (2023, March 6). Uncovering hidden reserves of natural hydrogen. Advanced Science News. https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/uncovering-hidden-reserves-of-natural-hydrogen
Prevljak, N. (2024, September 16). Japan’s brand new hydrogen fund makes a smashing debut with $400 million already in hand. Offshore Energy. https://www.offshore-energy.biz/japans-brand-new-hydrogen-fund-makes-a-smashing-debut/
Pedretti, F. (2024, October 7). Dry cask storage: Japan’s “Plan B” for the nuclear fuel cycle. Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/dry-cask-storage-japans-plan-b-for-the-nuclear-fuel-cycle/
Prime Minister Office of Japan (PMF) (2024, July 23). GX 2040 leaders’ panel. Prime Minister Office of Japan. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/101_kishida/actions/202407/23x_leaders.html
REI (Renewable Energy Institute) (2023, July). Revised basic hydrogen strategy offers no clear path to carbon neutrality. REI. https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/activities/reports/20230720.php#
REI (Renewable Energy Institute) (September, 2022). Re-examining Japan’s hydrogen strategy: Moving beyond the “hydrogen society” fantasy. REI. https://www.renewable-ei.org/pdfdownload/activities/REI_JapanHydrogenStrategy_EN_202209.pdf
Reza, A., Buehler, C., Carnahan, R., & Ott, B (2022, May 26). Identifying and managing risk for hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines. The Exponent. https://www.exponent.com/article/can-your-natural-gas-pipelines-handle-hydrogen-blends
Ritchie, H. (2020). What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy#
RTS (Recycle Track Systems) (RTS). What is a circular economy and how does it work? RTS. https://www.rts.com/resources/guides/circular-economy/
Sekiyama, T. (2020). Environmental security and Japan. Security Studies, 2434(7892), 2.
Sheer, H. (2012). The energy imperative: 100 per cent renewable now. Earthscan
Schaffrath, A., Wielenberg, A., Kilger, R. et al. (2021). SMRs — overview, international developments, safety features and the GRS simulation chain. Front. Energy, 15, pp. 793–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0751-2
Shiraishi, K., Park, W.Y., Abhyankar, N., Paliwal, U., Khanna, N., Morotomi, T., Lin, J., & Phadke, A. (2023). The 2035 Japan report. Plummeting costs of solar, wind, and batteries can accelerate Japan’s clean and independent electricity future. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/2035-japan-report-plummeting-costs#
Shulman, D. (2024, May 24). Japan to set “GX2040 Vision” to accelerate decarbonization efforts. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/japans-power-market-news-2024w21-dan-shulman-chtoc/
Statista (2024a). Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in 2022 by select country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271748/the-largest-emitters-of-co2-in-the-world/
Storm (2024). The barriers to recruitment in Japan. Storm4. https://storm4.com/resources/industry-insights/recruitment-japan/
Swisher, H., Poon, J., Hatt, B., Gerardi, W., & Millar, R. (2019). Australia’s pursuit of a larger scale hydrogen economy: Evaluating the economic viability of a sustainable hydrogen supply chain model. Jacobs. https://www.jacobs.com/sites/default/files/2022-03/Hydrogen_White_Paper_May2019.pdf
Sullivan, P. J. (2023). Energy and environmental security. Module 7 Part 1 [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@The Johns Hopkins University. https://jhu.instructure.com/courses/46719/modules
Statista (2024a). Distribution of carbon dioxide emission in 2022 by select country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/270499/co2-emissions-in-selected-countries
Statista (2024b). Number of operational and planned hydrogen projects in connection to nuclear energy worldwide, as of 2024, by country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1488567/purple-hydrogen-plants-and-projects-by-country-world/
Statista (2024c). Estimated production costs of green hydrogen per kilogram in Japan from 2020 to 2050 (in euros). Statista. http://www.statista.com/statistics/1304507/japan-green-hydrogen-production-cost-per-kilogram/
Statista (2024d). Electricity costs for the industry per kilowatt hour in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022 (in Japanese yen). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1220094/japan-electricity-cost-industry/#:
Statista (2024e). Forecasted average landed costs of hydrogen for selected transport routes worldwide in 2030 by cost breakdown. Statista.
Sullivan, P. (2022a, February 12). Circular economies can help us reach climate goals. The Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2022/02/circular-economies-can-help-us-reach-climate-goals/
Sullivan, P. (2022b). Energy and environmental security. Module 1 Part 3 [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@The Johns Hopkins University. https://jhu.instructure.com/courses/46719/pages/m01-lectures?module_item_id=2823640
Sullivan, P. (2022c, January 6). There is no such thing as clean energy: Cleaner energy, yes. Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1999581
Sullivan, P. (2019). DRENERGY. The risk tyranny of small spaces and small numbers in energy. Medium. https://medium.com/@drsullivenergy/the-risk-tyranny-of-small-spaces-and-small-numbers-in-energy-f2a9f5c18a21
Takehara, N. (2024, January 24). Japan’s Nuclear Capacity Factor Stood at 28.0% in 2023, JAIF. https://www.jaif.or.jp/en/news/6878#
Takei, K. (2024, October 3). Toward and eco-friendly future: The case for “pink hydrogen.” Nippon. https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d01026/toward-an-eco-friendly-future-the-case-for-pink-hydrogen.html
Takeuchi, H. & Tanaka, H. (2020, June 15). Water reuse and recycling in Japan – History, current situation, and future perspectives. Water Cycle, 1, https://doi.org./10.1016/j.watcyc.2020.05.001
Terazawa, T. (2024, May). Chairman’s message” Japan’s hydrogen promotion act: Framework for market creation. IIEJ. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/chairmans-message/chairmans-message_202405.html
The Economist (2022, November 26). Russia is using energy as a weapon. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/interactive/graphic-detail/2022/11/26/high-fuel-prices-could-kill-more-europeans-than-fighting-in-ukraine-has
The University of Kansas (2024). Matryoshka. The University of Kansas. https://crees.ku.edu/matryoshka
ULC Energy (2024, May 15). Study reveals low cost of nuclear H2. ULC Energy. https://www.ulc-energy.com/news/study-reveals-low-cost-of-nuclear-h2
UQ-MQ (University of Queensland and Monash University) (2024, February). Green hydrogen production from treated wastewater. University of Queensland. https://dow.centre.uq.edu.au/files/15402/Green%20Hydrogen%20Production%20from%20Treated%20Wastewater%20April%202024.pdf
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework on Climate Change) (2023, December 11). Matters relating to the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement. UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/documents/636113
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2021, October 10). NDC Registry - Japan First NDC (updated submission). UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/NDCREG
UNCC (United Nations Climate Change) (2024). The Paris Agreement. United Nations Climate Change.https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
UNCC (United Nations Climate Change) (2022, August 15). The government of Japan submission to the technical dialogue of the first Global Stocktake. United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/documents/600196
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (2023, June). Green hydrogen industrial clusters guidelines. UNIDO. /https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/unido-publications/2023-11/Green%20Hydrogen%20Industrial%20Clusters%20Guidelines.pdf
Volcovici, V. (2023, July 4). Biden’s green hydrogen plan hits climate obstacle: Water shortage. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/bidens-green-hydrogen-plan-hits-climate-obstacle-water-shortage-2023-07-03/
Wan, A. (2023, June 19). Japan signed critical minerals deal with the U.S. – but it is still losing in the global EV race. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/20/japan-signed-a-critical-minerals-deal-with-the-us-but-its-still-losing-the-global-ev-race.html
Watanabe, M. (2024a, July 22). Part One: Building hydrogen/ammonia supply chains – how far have they come? Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/part-one-building-hydrogen-ammonia-supply-chains/
Watanabe, M. (2024b, July 29). Hydrogen hubs to shine a light on Japan’s “green future.” Japan NRG. https://japan-nrg.com/deepdive/part-two-hydrogen-hubs-to-shine-a-light-on-japans-green-future/
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2024, April). Energy transition and geopolitics: Are critical materials the new oil? World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Energy_Transition_and_Geopolitics_2024.pdf
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2023, July). Enabling measures roadmap for low-emission hydrogen: Japan. WEF. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Accenture_Enabling_Measures_Roadmap_for_Low_Emission_Hydrogen_Japan_2023.pdf
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2022, December 16). The desalination process gives us freshwater – at a huge environmental cost. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/12/desalination-process-freshwater-negative-environmental-cost/#:
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2021, June 29). 4 technologies that are accelerating the green hydrogen revolution. WEF. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/06/4-technologies-accelerating-green-hydrogen-revolution/#
Willige, A. (2022a). The colors of hydrogen: Expanding ways to decarbonization. Spectra. https://spectra.mhi.com/the-colors-of-hydrogen-expanding-ways-of-decarbonization
Willige, A. (2022b). How pink hydrogen could add to the nuclear renaissance. Spectra. https://spectra.mhi.com/how-pink-hydrogen-could-add-to-the-nuclear-renaissance
WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (2024, March 19). Climate change indicators reached record levels in 2023: WMO. World Meteorological Organization. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-indicators-reached-record-levels-2023-wmo#:~
Wood, P., Bustamante, H., & Aguey-Zinsou, K. (2022, July 28). The hydrogen economy – Where is the water? Energy Nexus 7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016.j.nexus.2022.100123
WDL (World Data Lab) (2024). Water scarcity clock. World Data Lab. https://worldwater.io/
WNA (World Nuclear Association) (2024, October 24). Nuclear power in Japan – country profile. World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power
Yergin, D. (2022, December). Bumps in the energy transition. Finance and Development. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/12/bumps-in-the-energy-transition-yergin
Yuri Group (2024, May 22). Japan’s new digital and energy shift. Yuri Group. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5de0f5c004d2c03cb16a2aa0/t/6655e0d9b938187312568fce/1716904162525/Yuri+Group_GxxD_Japan’s+New+Digital+and+Energy+Shift_.pdf
Zachary, D.S. (2014, June 12). On the sustainability of an activity. Scientific Reports 4, 5215. doi: 10.1038/srep05215
Zenbird (2024). Circular economy in Japan. Zenbird. https://zenbird.media/circular-economy-in-japan/
Zissler, R. (2024, April 11). Curtailment Increases Across Japan. Economic Dispatch and Negative Prices Are Key Solutions. Renewable Energy Institute. https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/activities/column/REupdate/20240411.php
Appendix
Table 1
Global and Japanese Comparable Figures for the Potential Cost of Green and Pink Hydrogen in Japan
Table 2
Comparative Analysis – Economic Criteria
Table 3
Comparative Analysis – Economic Criteria (cont.)
Table 4
Comparative Analysis – Other Criteria (Environment, Safety, Workforce Availability)
illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability & Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.