This is part one of a three-part series on electric vehicle (EV) charging strategies. You can find part two here and part three here.

In conjunction with the modal shift to better public and active transport, electric vehicles (EVs) offer a massive opportunity to reduce emissions and improve urban air quality. However, crafting effective EV charging strategies requires holistic thinking at the intersection of transport, energy, the built environment, behavioural science, and economics. 

Part one of this three-part series examines the EV owner experience and introduces charging policy fundamentals. The article is written from an Australian perspective, where full battery electric vehicles accounted for only 7.2% of new vehicle sales in 2023, but where governments are generally promoting electrification and where around one in three houses have rooftop solar.

When you drive an ICE (internal combustion engine – gasoline/diesel fuelled) vehicle, you’re bound by the location of service stations, and tied to the economics of oil prices and global geopolitical energy security concerns. Step behind the wheel of an EV (battery electric vehicle) and suddenly, any power point is a browser.

While many of the world’s electricity grids are still somewhat tied to global coal and gas prices, that’s changing fast as they move towards a greater mix of renewables and storage.

The thrill of EV ownership

EV owners experience thrilling acceleration, non-polluting, quiet, and effortless driving, and substantially lower running costs. However, they need to get used to different behaviors when it comes to the vehicle’s energy source. 

There’s also a certain thrill the first time you plug your EV in at home and realise that you may never visit a gas station again, except perhaps to check your tyre pressure or use the carwash. 

That thrill might be slightly tempered when you see how long it’s going to take to charge. It could be anywhere from hours to nearly two days, depending on how empty your battery is and what speed you’re charging at (see Table 1). 

On the other hand, you quickly realise that unlike going to a service station, which you tend to only do when your tank is mostly empty, you can plug the car in whenever you’re home, topping it up as often as you need.

Who cares if it takes hours to charge? It’s not like you need to hold the charging plug the whole time. You’re free to leave it charging while you do whatever you want. The act of charging takes but a few seconds.

And if you have solar on your roof and can charge during the day, there’s the double thrill of – at least partially – driving on free sunshine.

Except where you lack off-street parking

If you don’t have the luxury of off-street parking at your home, or you do but perhaps you’re in an apartment with no useable power point or charger near your parking spot, then you may well not even be considering an EV. The inconvenience and uncertainty of having to find a public charger and potentially wait for an hour or hours to charge might be more than enough to put you off.

That’s where we’re relying on governments and municipalities to come up with well-considered strategies around the deployment of public charging infrastructure. 

Asset or millstone

Depending on how it’s done, the implementation of widespread EV charging infrastructure and use could either be a huge asset, or a gigantic millstone to the power grid, as we electrify and decarbonise. So, it’s important that we try to get it right. But as one starts to unpeel the onion, it quickly gets complicated. 

The first thing to recognise is that EV charging strategy is a multidisciplinary field requiring input from many stakeholders. It sits at the nexus of several domains including transport, energy, built environment, behavioural science and economics.

The objective balance

Public charging infrastructure strategies need to balance a variety of objectives, including:

• Meeting the varied needs of EV drivers.

• Improving ICE drivers’ confidence to make their next vehicle an EV.

• Using EVs to optimise the use of local variable renewable generation (in other words, getting as much vehicle charging as possible in the middle of the day to soak up excess solar power), while preventing them from hobbling the grid and distribution networks during the evening peak. 

• Delivering a reasonable commercial outcome to EV charging infrastructure developers/operators.

• Ensuring public safety (for example, charging cables cannot become trip hazards for pedestrians; fire risks must be well managed).

• During the transition period, balancing non-EV motorists’ concerns regarding impacts to their own ability to park; or perceptions of public subsidies benefitting wealthier EV owners.

• Providing and encouraging the use of electrified public transport.

But needs vary hugely – even within suburbs – depending on factors such as:

• The mix of residential vs commercial buildings.

• Residential and commercial parking arrangements (on/off street).

• Density of apartments and rentals (noting that about two-thirds of apartments on average are rented vs less than a third of houses).

• Typical commuter behaviours (which vary between inner and outer suburbs, and depend on the availability of cheap and convenient public transport options, with or without park-and-ride facilities, and the emergence of electric bikes as a viable mode of commuter mobility).

• Commercial fleet sizes and requirements (which will in some cases include the use of public chargers).

• Local electrical distribution network constraints.

Enough with the level 3 photo ops!

Progressive politicians seem to love to be photographed at the openings of new “Level 3” DC Fast Chargers, holding the charging plug in a car as if they’re pumping gas. While it’s great that some can charge a car from near empty to 80% in less than 20 minutes, the real workhorses of EV charging infrastructure are actually Level 1 (slow / trickle) and to a lesser extent Level 2 (medium speed) chargers. 

In essence, Level 1 is a simply standard electrical point, used in conjunction with a mobile charging device carried in the vehicle. Level 2 requires a wall or pole-mounted box to be installed at the location and in Australia typically a single or three-phase, 32 Amp electrical circuit. Refer to Table 1 for a comparison of charger types. Slower charging also increases battery life.

In fact, given the enormous power draw of Level 3 chargers (which can be equivalent, when in use, to the typical use of dozens of homes), in urban areas with electrical network constraints, policies should actively seek to limit Level 3 charging to very specific use cases, and avoid charging during certain times of day. 

Most private vehicles have extraordinarily low utilisation rates: over 95% of the time they’re sitting idle in a driveway or car park, collectively chewing up vast amounts of land and concrete. Australian cars travel on average just 30-40km per day. Policies that reduce private ownership by fostering cheap, convenient public mass transit, car-share schemes, excellent cycling/pedestrian infrastructure, and greater use of two and three-wheelers are critically important steps in creating genuinely sustainable mobility.

In the meantime, with so many vehicles parked so much of the time, slow or medium-speed charging is a perfectly appropriate solution.

Table 1. EV charger infrastructure comparison